brb
sorry you're right, i mean cardinals.
Answer
According to John Allen:
----------------
Ratzinger's transformation can also be glimpsed from an exchange with Cardinal Francis George of Chicago, which George described in April 2005, just after the conclave which propelled Benedict XVI to the papacy.
Two days before the opening of the conclave, George met Ratzinger in his Vatican office to discuss the American sex abuse norms, including the "one strike and you're out" policy. Those norms had been approved grudgingly in late 2002 by the Vatican, and only for a five-year period. George said he wanted to discuss with Ratzinger the arguments for making the norms permanent. Ratzinger, according to George, showed "a good grasp of the situation."
Forty-eight hours later, Ratzinger was the new pope. As is the custom, the cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel made their way, one-by-one, to the new pontiff in order to pledge their support and obedience. As George kissed his hand, Benedict XVI made a point of telling him, in English, that he remembered the conversation the two men had about the sexual abuse norms, and would attend to it.
The new pope's first words to a senior American prelate, in other words, were a vow of action on the crisis.
http://ncronline.org/news/accountability/will-ratzingers-past-trump-benedicts-present
According to John Allen:
----------------
Ratzinger's transformation can also be glimpsed from an exchange with Cardinal Francis George of Chicago, which George described in April 2005, just after the conclave which propelled Benedict XVI to the papacy.
Two days before the opening of the conclave, George met Ratzinger in his Vatican office to discuss the American sex abuse norms, including the "one strike and you're out" policy. Those norms had been approved grudgingly in late 2002 by the Vatican, and only for a five-year period. George said he wanted to discuss with Ratzinger the arguments for making the norms permanent. Ratzinger, according to George, showed "a good grasp of the situation."
Forty-eight hours later, Ratzinger was the new pope. As is the custom, the cardinals gathered in the Sistine Chapel made their way, one-by-one, to the new pontiff in order to pledge their support and obedience. As George kissed his hand, Benedict XVI made a point of telling him, in English, that he remembered the conversation the two men had about the sexual abuse norms, and would attend to it.
The new pope's first words to a senior American prelate, in other words, were a vow of action on the crisis.
http://ncronline.org/news/accountability/will-ratzingers-past-trump-benedicts-present
How and why was Thomas More executed and how did he support the catholic church?
MIKE'S PAP
I need to write an op/ed page for an appeal of the Execution of Thomas More. So, I need information to write about. I am writing it based on the catholic chronicle news paper, so Thomas More must support the church.
Answer
16th Century dawns. The Catholic Church is unsurpassed in popularity in England. Modern historians have databased records showing there was a never-decreasing flow of tithing, property and devotion by the consent of the common man in England to their beloved Catholic Church. Beautiful chapels were built, adorned with magnificent finery, art and books. The Bible, in a form known as Books of Hours, was the most popular thing in print. Earlier, St. Catherine of Sienna initiated reform ideas after she conversed with God. Her book is The Dialogue. She warned of many of the things that were starting to occur in Europe, where priests used clericalism to escape responsibility. The Church was just developing Canon Law (jurisprudence invented in the 12th Century), there were no seminaries to train priests, and Church government was occupied with: Renaissance, building Vatican City, discovery of America, infighting in the Papal States and powerful city-states of Italy (Florence, Rome, Venice). Thousands of reformers within Catholicism worked towards change.
The world was brutal and militaristic. France had the largest army, but no power. Spain had all the power, but was spread out over the globe. Italy was embroiled with infighting, but the Medici family invented a new financial system to support critical shipping industry. And the common man in the Holy Roman Empire was fed up with being ignored by the pope as German princes connived with the French to wrest power from the Empire, Spain and Italy.
Henry VIII took Pope Leo X's side against Martin Luther in 1521. Leo named him Defender of the Faith. Henry and Charles V, the Spanish-Austrian golden boy who'd been elected by Henry and others as Holy Roman Emporer, kind of saw eye to eye. Both were devout Catholics, young, good looking, and capable sporting men and fighters. Henry refused to go against Charles V with Francis I of France and the German princes. So he was in Leo X's graces. He appointed the brilliant humanist Thomas More, friend of Luther's adversary Erasmus, to be high chancellor. Henry had issues, just like Luther. But Henry was a king. He didn't turn to printing propoganda, like Luther and the German princes trying to destabilize Europe so they could take land by force. Princes wanted the tithing from agricultural peasants, and the peasants just wanted a better life than the Plague that wiped out most of Europe within memory of their grandparents.
Henry went nuts. He rationalized religion to make it OK to divorce. He started killing his wives. More, the man who coined the word Utopia in the eponymous book of that name, was appalled. More stood firm with his Catholic faith against Henry. In 1532 he resigned his post. In 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn and a new pope, Clement XII, excommunicates him. Heresy was a crime against God AND state. Henry had no choice. He took over the Church in England so that he couldn't be considered a criminal by his subjects. Swooft move (evil, but swooft). He appoints a new Archbishop of Canterbury and announces himself as the pope. He never explained this in theological terms. It was purely secular. Devout Catholics knew they had to be obedient to the king. So Henry VIII instantly had control over what Catholicism had built in England over 1500 years. In later years over in Europe, his buddy Emporer Charles V would renounce his nobility, take a vow of poverty and devotion to Christ, and live out his life as a poor monk in Spain.
Henry chopped the heads off his wives. He went through six of them. He chopped off Thomas More's head, too, because More wouldn't take an oath against the papacy (Henry, Defender of the Faith....). Basically, the man was a psychopath. Imagine Osama Bin Laden in Germany (Luther) and Charles Manson running England (Henry). That's what you had. Then you had the Ayotollah John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland, who took Muslim ideas of idol worship, blended them brilliantly in writing with the words of St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, and made the dish palatable to civic leaders, who had an anti-clerical, anti-papal bend to them anyway. Instant secular religion. Just add water (the Atlantic). And voila! Here we are.
Oh by the way. Catholicism never stopped growing. Most Lutherans recanted within a generation. France never had more than 10 percent Calvinists. The Church finally developed seminaries to get rid of drunken loser priests, championed New World missions, took the Gospel to Planet E, and today is the largest force for good on earth. Protestantism has subdivided continually into more than 26,000 different denominations, most of the mainline ones resembling the very medieval Catholic forms of worship that the original movement opposed. Go figure.
16th Century dawns. The Catholic Church is unsurpassed in popularity in England. Modern historians have databased records showing there was a never-decreasing flow of tithing, property and devotion by the consent of the common man in England to their beloved Catholic Church. Beautiful chapels were built, adorned with magnificent finery, art and books. The Bible, in a form known as Books of Hours, was the most popular thing in print. Earlier, St. Catherine of Sienna initiated reform ideas after she conversed with God. Her book is The Dialogue. She warned of many of the things that were starting to occur in Europe, where priests used clericalism to escape responsibility. The Church was just developing Canon Law (jurisprudence invented in the 12th Century), there were no seminaries to train priests, and Church government was occupied with: Renaissance, building Vatican City, discovery of America, infighting in the Papal States and powerful city-states of Italy (Florence, Rome, Venice). Thousands of reformers within Catholicism worked towards change.
The world was brutal and militaristic. France had the largest army, but no power. Spain had all the power, but was spread out over the globe. Italy was embroiled with infighting, but the Medici family invented a new financial system to support critical shipping industry. And the common man in the Holy Roman Empire was fed up with being ignored by the pope as German princes connived with the French to wrest power from the Empire, Spain and Italy.
Henry VIII took Pope Leo X's side against Martin Luther in 1521. Leo named him Defender of the Faith. Henry and Charles V, the Spanish-Austrian golden boy who'd been elected by Henry and others as Holy Roman Emporer, kind of saw eye to eye. Both were devout Catholics, young, good looking, and capable sporting men and fighters. Henry refused to go against Charles V with Francis I of France and the German princes. So he was in Leo X's graces. He appointed the brilliant humanist Thomas More, friend of Luther's adversary Erasmus, to be high chancellor. Henry had issues, just like Luther. But Henry was a king. He didn't turn to printing propoganda, like Luther and the German princes trying to destabilize Europe so they could take land by force. Princes wanted the tithing from agricultural peasants, and the peasants just wanted a better life than the Plague that wiped out most of Europe within memory of their grandparents.
Henry went nuts. He rationalized religion to make it OK to divorce. He started killing his wives. More, the man who coined the word Utopia in the eponymous book of that name, was appalled. More stood firm with his Catholic faith against Henry. In 1532 he resigned his post. In 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn and a new pope, Clement XII, excommunicates him. Heresy was a crime against God AND state. Henry had no choice. He took over the Church in England so that he couldn't be considered a criminal by his subjects. Swooft move (evil, but swooft). He appoints a new Archbishop of Canterbury and announces himself as the pope. He never explained this in theological terms. It was purely secular. Devout Catholics knew they had to be obedient to the king. So Henry VIII instantly had control over what Catholicism had built in England over 1500 years. In later years over in Europe, his buddy Emporer Charles V would renounce his nobility, take a vow of poverty and devotion to Christ, and live out his life as a poor monk in Spain.
Henry chopped the heads off his wives. He went through six of them. He chopped off Thomas More's head, too, because More wouldn't take an oath against the papacy (Henry, Defender of the Faith....). Basically, the man was a psychopath. Imagine Osama Bin Laden in Germany (Luther) and Charles Manson running England (Henry). That's what you had. Then you had the Ayotollah John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland, who took Muslim ideas of idol worship, blended them brilliantly in writing with the words of St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, and made the dish palatable to civic leaders, who had an anti-clerical, anti-papal bend to them anyway. Instant secular religion. Just add water (the Atlantic). And voila! Here we are.
Oh by the way. Catholicism never stopped growing. Most Lutherans recanted within a generation. France never had more than 10 percent Calvinists. The Church finally developed seminaries to get rid of drunken loser priests, championed New World missions, took the Gospel to Planet E, and today is the largest force for good on earth. Protestantism has subdivided continually into more than 26,000 different denominations, most of the mainline ones resembling the very medieval Catholic forms of worship that the original movement opposed. Go figure.
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