What are some important things that happened in 1942?

animallove

Any important war related things,popular battles, national news story, and and sports?

Answer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942


Events of 1942
(Below, many events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.)
January
January 1 - WWII: The United States and Philippines troops fight the Battle of Bataan.
January 2 - WWII: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
January 7 - WWII: The siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
January 10 - WWII: The last German air-raid on Liverpool destroys the home of William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitler's nephew. After his house is destroyed, William Hitler goes to the USA and joins the navy to fight against his uncle.
January 11 - WWII:
Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Netherlands East Indies.
WWII: The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.
January 16 - Actress Carole Lombard and her mother are among those killed in a plane crash near Las Vegas, Nevada, while returning from a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.
January 19 - WWII: Japanese forces invade Burma.
January 20 - WWII: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide that the "final solution to the Jewish problem" is relocation, and later extermination.
January 23 - WWII: The Battle of Rabaul begins.
January 25 - WWII: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
January 26 - WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing in Northern Ireland.
January 31 - WWII: The last organized Allied forces leave Malaya, ending the 54-day campaign.
February
February 2 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an executive order directing the internment of Japanese Americans and the seizure of their property.
February 8
António Ãscar Carmona is elected president of Portugal.
WWII: Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war.
Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States.
February 9 - The SS Normandie Ocean Liner catches fire while being converted into the troopship USS Lafayette for World War II.
February 10 - In the early hours of the morning the SS Normandie capsizes at pier 88 in New York City.
February 11 - Operation Cerberus A flotilla of Kriegsmarine ships dash from Brest through the English Channel to northern ports; the British fail to sink any one of them.
February 15 - WWII: Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces.
February 19 - WWII:
Japanese warplanes attack Darwin, Australia.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066 allowing the United States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast.
February 20 - Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first World War II flying ace.
February 22 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as American defense of the nation collapses.
February 23 - The Japanese submarine I-17 fires 17 high-explosive shells toward an oil refinery near Santa Barbara, California, causing little damage.
February 24 - Propaganda: The Voice of America begins broadcasting.
February 25 - Princess Elizabeth registers for war service.
February 25 - Battle of Los Angeles: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers an immediate wartime blackout over most of Southern California, with thousands of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are 6 deaths. Despite the several hour barrage no planes are downed.
February 26
The worst coal dust explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims 1,549 lives.
The 14th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles.
February 27 - WWII - Battle of the Java Sea: An allied (ABDA) task force under Dutch command, trying to stem a Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies, is defeated by a Japanese task force in the Java Sea.
March
March - Construction begins on the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (the largest in the United States during WWII).
March 9 - WWII: Executive order 9082 (February 28, 1942) reorganizes the United States Army into three major commands: theArmy Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply, later redesignated Army Service Forces.
March 28 - WWII: British Commandos raid St. Nazaire on the coast of Western France.


The Japanese aircraft carrier, Hiryu under attack by US aircraft at the Battle of Midway.
April
April 3 - WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the United States and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula.
April 5 - WWII: the Japanese Navy attacks Colombo in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Royal Navy Cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire are sunk southwest of the island.
April 9
The Bataan Peninsula falls and the Bataan Death March began.
WWII: The Japanese Navy launches an air raid on Trincomalee in Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS Vampire are sunk off the country's East Coast.
April 13 - The FCC's minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from 15 hours to 4 hours a week during the war.
April 15 - WWII: King George VI awards the George Cross to Malta, saying, "To honour her brave people I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion that will long be famous in history (from January 1 to July 24, there is only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island)."
April 18 - Tokyo, Japan is bombed by B-25 Mitchells commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle.
April 27 - WWII: A national plebiscite is held in Canada on the issue of conscription.
April 29 - WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in Tessenderlo, Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.
May
May - The first undersea oil pipeline is tested in Operation Pluto.
May 5 - WWII - Operation Ironclad: United Kingdom forces invade the French colony of Madagascar.
May 6 - WWII: On Corregidor, the last American and Filipino forces in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese.
May 8 - WWII: The Battle of the Coral Sea (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight without seeing each other's fleets) ends in an Allied victory.
May 8/May 9 - WWII: On the night of 8/9 May 1942, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebel. Their mutiny is crushed and 3 of them executed (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War).
May 12 - WWII - Second Battle of Kharkov: In the eastern Ukraine, the Soviet Army initiates a major offensive. During the battle the Soviets capture the city of Kharkov from the German Army, only to be encircled and destroyed.
May 14 - Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait is performed for the first time by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.
May 15 - WWII: In the United States, a bill creating the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is signed into law.
May 20 - The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy.
May 21 - WWII: Mexico declares war against Nazi Germany after the sinking of the Mexican tanker Faja de Oro by the German U-boat, U-160, off Key West.
May 26 - WWII - Battle of Bir Hakeim: The Free French and British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.
May 27 - WWII - Operation Anthropoid: Czech paratroopers attempt to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich in Prague.
May 31 - June 1 - WWII - Attack on Sydney Harbour: Japanese submarines infiltrate Sydney Harbour in an attempt to attack Allied warships.
June
June 1 - WWII: Mexico declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan.
June 4 - WWII: Reinhard Heydrich succumbs to wounds sustained on May 27 from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting in Operation Anthropoid.
June 4-June 7 - WWII - The Battle of Midway: The Japanese naval advance in the Pacific is halted.
June 7 - WWII: Japanese forces invade the Aleutian Islands (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).
June 8 - WWII: Attack on Sydney Harbour: The Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle are shelled by Japanese submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast is blacked out.
June 9 - WWII: Nazis burn the Czech village of Lidice in reprisal for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.
June 10 - WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of Lidice, Czechoslovakia in retaliation for the killing of a Nazi official.
June 12 - Holocaust: On her 13th birthday, Anne Frank makes the first entry in her new diary.
June 13 - The United States opens its Office of War Information, a propaganda center.
June 21 - Fort Stevens, Oregon is fired upon by a Japanese submarine.
June 29 - The German Eleventh Army under Erich von Manstein takes Sevastopol, although fighting rages until July 9.
July
July 1 - July 27 - WWII: the First Battle of El Alamein.
July 3 - Guadalcanal falls to the Japanese.
July 6 - Holocaust: Anne Frank's family goes into hiding in an attic above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.
July 13 - WWII: German U-Boats sink 3 more merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
July 16
Holocaust: By order of the Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers round-up 13,000-20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.
Georges Bégué and others escape from the Mauzac prison camp.
July 18 - WWII: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me-262 (using only its jets) for the first time.
July 19 - WWII - Battle of the Atlantic: German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States Atlantic coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.
July 21 - The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a reargua

What is beauty defined as in other countries/times?

Q. I need to pick three countries/times and show the differences of their thoughts of beauty. I was aiming for a country in the Middle East, something in Asia and maybe beauty in another part of the world or just three distinct times in American history.

Could you please give me some examples or links to this information?

Answer
You could do three examples of body modification

burmese long neck women(asia)
http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/burmas-longneck-women-struggle-to-break-out-of-thailands-humanzoo/2008/01/11/1199988589409.html

Mursi woman with famous lip disk(africa)
http://travel.webshots.com/photo/2793929690100033576DSLSEN

Mauritania's 'wife-fattening' (arab-perhaps middle east)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3429903.stm

alternately you could do the USA and Europe
corseting in Victorian times
the boyish body popular in the 1920's -focus especially on flappers
and then the play-boy bunny/barbie ideal of 36-24-36 (36 inch bust circumference, 24 inch waist circumference, 36 inch hip circumference)(1960's-present)

maybe tie this into society's view of women, and women's view of themselves in these times and places to make it a stellar paper.

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I would like to know..?

Ken

what are the trade issues and conflict between China & US ?
Can someone elaborate in detail followed by reference links/urls

Thanks. I appreciate your help.

Answer
An increased number of lawyers and journalists were harassed, detained, and jailed. Thousands of people who pursued their faith outside officially sanctioned churches were subjected to harassment and many to detention and imprisonment. Thousands of people were sentenced to death or executed. Migrants from rural areas were deprived of basic rights. Severe repression of Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region continued, and freedom of expression and religion continued to be severely restricted in Tibet and among Tibetans elsewhere.

International community
Before China's election to the new UN Human Rights Council, it made a number of human rights-related pledges, including ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and active co-operation with the UN on human rights. Chinese companies continued to export arms to countries where they were likely to be used for serious human rights abuses, including Sudan and Myanmar.

Human rights defenders
The government crackdown on lawyers and housing rights activists intensified. Many human rights defenders were subjected to lengthy periods of arbitrary detention without charge, as well as harassment by the police or by local gangs apparently condoned by the police. Many lived under near constant surveillance or house arrest and members of their families were increasingly targeted. New regulations restricted the ability of lawyers to represent groups of victims and to participate in collective petitions.

⢠Gao Zhisheng, an outspoken human rights lawyer, had his law practice suspended in November 2005. He was detained in August 2006 and remained in incommunicado detention at an unknown location until his trial in December 2006. In October he was formally arrested on charges of "inciting subversion", and in December he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, suspended for five years.

Journalists and Internet users
The government's crackdown on journalists, writers, and Internet users intensified. Numerous popular newspapers and journals were shut down. Hundreds of international websites remained blocked and thousands of Chinese websites were shut down. Dozens of journalists were detained for reporting on sensitive issues.

The government strengthened systems for blocking, filtering, and monitoring the flow of information. New regulations came into effect requiring foreign news agencies to gain approval from China's official news agency in order to publish any news. Many foreign journalists were detained for short periods.

Discrimination against rural migrants
Rural migrant workers in China's cities faced wide-ranging discrimination. Despite official commitment to resolve the problem, millions of migrant workers were still owed back pay. The vast majority were excluded from urban health insurance schemes and could not afford private health care. Access to public education remained tenuous for millions of migrant children, in contrast to other urban residents. An estimated

20 million migrant children were unable to live with their parents in the cities in part because of insecure schooling.

⢠Beijing municipal authorities closed dozens of migrant schools in September, affecting thousands of migrant children. While authorities claimed to have targeted unregistered and sub-standard schools, onerous demands made it nearly impossible for migrant schools to be registered. Some school staff believed the closures were aimed at reducing the migrant population in Beijing ahead of the 2008 Olympics.

Violence and discrimination against women
Violence and discrimination against women remained severe. The disadvantaged economic and social status of women and girls was evident in employment, health care and education. Women were laid off in larger numbers than men from failing state enterprises. Women accounted for 60 per cent of rural labourers and had fewer non-agricultural opportunities than men. The absence of gender-sensitive anti-HIV/AIDS policies contributed to a significant rise in female HIV/AIDS cases in 2006. Only 43 per cent of girls in rural areas completed education above lower middle school, compared with 61 per cent of boys.

Despite strengthened laws and government efforts to combat human trafficking, it remained pervasive, with an estimated 90 per cent of cases being women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation.

⢠Chen Guangcheng, a blind, self-trained lawyer, was sentenced in August to a prison term of four years and three months on charges of "damaging public property and gathering people to stop traffic". He had been arbitrarily confined to his home since September 2005 in connection with his advocacy on behalf of women undergoing forced abortions in Shandong Province. On appeal, the guilty verdict was overturned and the case sent back to the lower court for retrial, but the lower court upheld the original sentence.

Repression of spiritual and religious groups
The government conti

Any ideas for a documentary?

Beauty is

I want to make a documentary...but idk about what. What is something that has never before been investigated that needs to be? something that the public would be interested in..something risky and exciting...hmmmm

Answer
What kind of documentary? I know you said something about political or social issues, but there are few different ways of making documentaries.

National Geographic or BBC style? Then you'll need a proper camera, video and audio editing software (Windows movie maker doesn't count, it's not advanced enough to edit brightness, contrast, unwanted discolouration), and some music composing skills, unless if you hire or ask a composer or video editor to do it professionally for you. It really matters a lot on video quality you're using. If video quality is that of NG, Discovery or BBC documentaries, you will need a really big camera and a tripod cause those cameras have a better quality. Maybe a handheld HD cameras have a nice video quality, but that's not for proper documentaries. You can't use the same video quality that you would use for a wedding video. For a proper documentary your crew will look like this
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Tournage_de_film.JPG
I think the guy on the left has glide cam gear on him and you will also need someone to record the sound because the microphone on the camera is too far from the actual sound, so it wouldn't sound realistic.

Another type of documentaries is simply user created stuff that you see on Youtube. Just use actual footage of the issue you're reporting on, let's say an oil leak videos and then you do your own commentary and video animations between the footage. GOOD Magazine on Youtube makes such mini documentaries. The good side of such videos is that you can use copyrighted material without someone filing a DMCA claim against you. Fair Use allows you to use copyrighted material for news reporting or research, archiving. And the bad side is if you do this type of documentaries, you have to make sure that your videos are entertaining to watch, or not many would watch them.

And another type of documentaries is where a handheld camera would come handy like if you're secretly filming in Myanmar and North Korea or in rainforests, deserts and steppes where carrying heavy stuff is difficult, unless if you have a proper all-terrain vehicle. Journeyman Pictures or Current TV on Youtube are distributing many such documentaries. The documentaries are usually made by TV networks such as ABC Australia, so they have proper audio and video editors before Journeyman Pictures distributes them. Current haz some viewer created content, but usually they have a proper production team with proper reporters.

You'll also need a producer - someone to finance all of this, plan the travel, hire and fire workers, or you can do it all by yourself if it's a small documentary. But what would be your position if you do a professional documentary? Camera operator? Sound technician? But if all what you want to do is to report, then all what you need is a good voice of a narrator and good presentation skills of a news reporter. Then go on auditions and someone might hire you for their project, if you have a professional voice. It's like American Idol, there are good and bad singers. You have to be good. And you have to make sure your information is correct and unbiased, otherwise you will be like Fox news.

But who will watch your stuff? The general public is merely interested in stuff that ABC, GMA, PBS, CBS, PBS or BBC makes. What's the most popular thing on Youtube? Lady Gaga. To get the views of Journeyman picturs or Current, you have to make really good videos. Now if you're like Greenpeace and say that nuclear energy is bad for you, I won't watch it cause I know you're biased. Statistically and environmental records show nuclear energy is the safest energy of all. Even wind turbines kill bats.

You could be like Bob Woodruff that made a report on North Korea's new leader for ABC news, but then it all matters what kind of documentary you wish to make and how interesting it will be. I can already guess that Journeyman Pictures will publish something about Kim Jong Un and it will be interesting for me to watch. But if you make something in Windows movie maker and put it on Youtube, then I doubt it will be interesting nor will I know about it. Advertising is also important.

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In India or Pakistan, what significance does the no. 786 have?In the movie Veer-Zaara, the no.had significance?

popular news burma image

Stratomans

Well, I'm a muslim and I watched the movie with 2 other muslims and asked 5 others, and none of us know any significance for this number!! Weird...

Answer
the number has something to do with islam, i see that number in A.R.Rahman's autographs.....

--------------------------

even i m a muslim, but well...lemme chk on it n get bac to u ok...gimme some time

----------------------------

The Arabic letters of the opening phrase of the Qur'an sum to the numerical value 786 in the system of Abjad numerals. Not all Muslims place emphasis on this numerological analysis; however, some â mostly in Pakistan, India, Myanmar and Bangladesh â use 786 as a substitute for Bismillah ("In the name of Allah" or "In the name of God")

----------------

The total value of the letters of "Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim" according to one Arabic system of numerology is 786. There are two methods of arranging the letters of the Arabic alphabet. One method is the most common alphabetical order (used for most ordinary purposes), beginning with the letters Alif ا, ba ب, ta ت, tha ث etc. The other method is known as the Abjad numerals' method or ordinal method. In this method the letters are arranged in the following order: Abjad, Hawwaz, Hutti, Kalaman, Sa'fas, Qarshat, Sakhaz, Zazagh; and each letter has an arithmetic value assigned to it from one to one thousand. (This arrangement was done, most probably in the 3rd century of Hijrah during the 'Abbasid period, following the practices of speakers of other Semitic languages such as Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldean etc.)

Taking into account the numeric values of all the letters of the Basmala, according to the Abjad order, the total is 786. In the Indian subcontinent the Abjad numerals have become quite popular. Some people, mostly in India and Pakistan, use 786 as a substitute for Bismillah ("In the name of Allah" or "In the name of God"). They write this number to avoid writing the name of God, or Qur'anic verses on ordinary papers, which can be subject to dirt or come in contact with unclean materials. This practice does not date from the time of Muhammad and is not universally accepted by Muslims.

The numerical significance of Bismillah has been elaborated in a book called Beyond Probablity and is based on number 19. Beyond Probability - God's Message in Mathematics. Series 1: The Opening Statement of the Quran (The Basmalah)

------------------------------

hmm...this is news to me! n i luv Rahman even more now!!! ....hope u got what u wanted!

People's Republic of China?

Q. CHINA
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Head of state: Hu Jintao
Head of government: Wen Jiabao
Death penalty: retentionist
International Criminal Court: not ratified

An increased number of lawyers and journalists were harassed, detained, and jailed. Thousands of people who pursued their faith outside officially sanctioned churches were subjected to harassment and many to detention and imprisonment. Thousands of people were sentenced to death or executed. Migrants from rural areas were deprived of basic rights. Severe repression of Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region continued, and freedom of expression and religion continued to be severely restricted in Tibet and among Tibetans elsewhere.

International community
Before China's election to the new UN Human Rights Council, it made a number of human rights-related pledges, including ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and active co-operation with the UN on human rights. Chinese companies continued to export arms to countries where they were likely to be used for serious human rights abuses, including Sudan and Myanmar.

Human rights defenders
The government crackdown on lawyers and housing rights activists intensified. Many human rights defenders were subjected to lengthy periods of arbitrary detention without charge, as well as harassment by the police or by local gangs apparently condoned by the police. Many lived under near constant surveillance or house arrest and members of their families were increasingly targeted. New regulations restricted the ability of lawyers to represent groups of victims and to participate in collective petitions.

⢠Gao Zhisheng, an outspoken human rights lawyer, had his law practice suspended in November 2005. He was detained in August 2006 and remained in incommunicado detention at an unknown location until his trial in December 2006. In October he was formally arrested on charges of "inciting subversion", and in December he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, suspended for five years.

Journalists and Internet users
The government's crackdown on journalists, writers, and Internet users intensified. Numerous popular newspapers and journals were shut down. Hundreds of international websites remained blocked and thousands of Chinese websites were shut down. Dozens of journalists were detained for reporting on sensitive issues.

The government strengthened systems for blocking, filtering, and monitoring the flow of information. New regulations came into effect requiring foreign news agencies to gain approval from China's official news agency in order to publish any news. Many foreign journalists were detained for short periods.

Discrimination against rural migrants
Rural migrant workers in China's cities faced wide-ranging discrimination. Despite official commitment to resolve the problem, millions of migrant workers were still owed back pay. The vast majority were excluded from urban health insurance schemes and could not afford private health care. Access to public education remained tenuous for millions of migrant children, in contrast to other urban residents. An estimated

20 million migrant children were unable to live with their parents in the cities in part because of insecure schooling.

⢠Beijing municipal authorities closed dozens of migrant schools in September, affecting thousands of migrant children. While authorities claimed to have targeted unregistered and sub-standard schools, onerous demands made it nearly impossible for migrant schools to be registered. Some school staff believed the closures were aimed at reducing the migrant population in Beijing ahead of the 2008 Olympics.

Violence and discrimination against women
Violence and discrimination against women remained severe. The disadvantaged economic and social status of women and girls was evident in employment, health care and education. Women were laid off in larger numbers than men from failing state enterprises. Women accounted for 60 per cent of rural labourers and had fewer non-agricultural opportunities than men. The absence of gender-sensitive anti-HIV/AIDS policies contributed to a significant rise in female HIV/AIDS cases in 2006. Only 43 per cent of girls in rural areas completed education above lower middle school, compared with 61 per cent of boys.

Despite strengthened laws and government efforts to combat human trafficking, it remained pervasive, with an estimated 90 per cent of cases being women and children trafficked for sexual exploitation.

⢠Chen Guangcheng, a blind, self-trained lawyer, was sentenced in August to a prison term of four years and three months on charges of "damaging public property and gathering people to stop traffic". He had been arbitrarily confined to his home since September 2005 in connection with his advocacy on behalf of women undergoing forced abortions in Shandong Province. On appeal, the guilty verdict was overturned and the case sent back to the lower court for retrial, but the lower court upheld the original sentence.

Repression of spiritual and religious groups
The government continued to crack down on religious observance outside officially sanctioned channels. Thousands of members of underground protestant "house churches" and unofficial Catholic churches were detained, many of whom were ill-treated or tortured in detention. Members of the Falun Gong spiritual movement were detained and assigned to administrative detention for their beliefs, and continued to be at high risk of torture or ill-treatment.

⢠Bu Dongwei, a Falun Gong practitioner, was assigned to two and a half years' Re-education through Labour in June for "activities relating to a banned organization" after police discovered Falun Gong literature at his home. He had been working for a US aid organization when he was detained.

⢠Pastor Zhang Rongliang, an underground church leader who had been repeatedly detained and imprisoned since 1976, was sentenced in June to seven and a half years' imprisonment on charges of illegally crossing the border and fraudulently obtaining a passport.

Death penalty
The death penalty continued to be used extensively to punish around 68 crimes, including economic and non-violent crimes. Based on public reports, AI estimated that at least 1,010 people were executed and 2,790 sentenced to death during 2006, although the true figures were believed to be much higher.

The National People's Congress passed a law reinstating a final review of all death penalty cases by the Supreme People's Court from 2007. Commentators believed this would lead to a reduction in miscarriages of justice and use of the death penalty.

Executions by lethal injection rose, facilitating the extraction of organs from executed prisoners, a lucrative business. In November a deputy minister announced that the majority of transplanted organs came from executed prisoners. In July new regulations banned the buying and selling of organs and required written consent from donors for organ removal.

⢠Xu Shuangfu, the leader of an unofficial Protestant group called "Three Grades of Servants", was executed along with 11 others in November after being convicted of murdering 20 members of another group, "Eastern Lightning", in 2003-4. Xu Shuangfu reportedly claimed that he had confessed under torture during police interrogation and that the torture had included beatings with heavy chains and sticks, electric shocks to the toes, fingers and genitals and forced injection of hot pepper, gasoline and ginger into the nose. Both the first instance and appeal courts reportedly refused to allow his lawyers to introduce these allegations as evidence in his defence.

Torture, arbitrary detention and unfair trials
Torture and ill-treatment remained widespread. Common methods included kicking, beating, electric shocks, suspension by the arms, shackling in painful positions, cigarette burns, and sleep and food deprivation. In November a senior official admitted that at least 30 wrongful convictions handed down each year resulted from the use of torture, with the true number likely being higher. There was no progress in efforts to reform the Re-education through Labour system of administrative detention without charge or trial. Hundreds of thousands of people were believed to be held in Re-education through Labour facilities across China and were at risk of torture and ill-treatment. In May 2006, the Beijing city authorities announced their intention to extend their use of Re-education through Labour as a way to control "offending behaviour" and to clean up the city's image ahead of the Olympics.

⢠Ye Guozhu was sentenced to four years' imprisonment in 2004 for his opposition to forced evictions in Beijing associated with construction for the Olympic games. It emerged during 2006 that Ye had been tortured while in detention. He was reportedly suspended from the ceiling by the arms and beaten repeatedly by police in Dongcheng district detention centre, Beijing, and also reportedly tortured in another prison in the second half of 2005.

Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
Government authorities in Xinjiang continued to severely repress the Uighur community and to deny their human rights, including freedom of religion and access to education. An increased number of Uighurs were extradited to China from Central Asia, reflecting growing pressure by China on governments in the region. Seventeen Uighurs remained in detention in Guantánamo Bay.

⢠The family of exiled former prisoner of conscience Rebiya Kadeer continued to be targeted by the Chinese authorities. On 26 November her son Ablikim Abdiriyim, detained in Xinjiang awaiting trial on charges of "subversion" and tax evasion, was seen being carried out of Tianshan District Detention

Centre, apparently in need of medical attention. On 27 November her sons Alim and Kahar Abdiriyim were fined heavily and Alim sentenced to seven years' imprisonment on charges of tax evasion.

⢠Husein Celil, a Canadian citizen who fled China in the 1990s as a refugee, was arrested in Uzbekistan and extradited to China in June. He was reportedly accused of "terrorism" and denied access to family or consular representatives.

Tibetans
Tibetans in the Tibet Autonomous Region and other areas experienced severe restrictions on their rights to freedom of religious belief, expression and association, and discrimination in employment. Many were detained or imprisoned for observing their religion or expressing opinions, including Tibetan Buddhist monks and nuns. Excessive use of force against Tibetans seeking to flee repression in Tibet continued. In September witnesses saw Chinese border patrol guards shooting at a group of Tibetans attempting to reach Nepal. At least one child was confirmed killed.

⢠Woeser, a leading Tibetan intellectual, had her weblog shut down several times after she raised questions about China's role in Tibet.

⢠Sonam Gyalpo, a former monk, was sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment in mid-2006 for "endangering state security" after the authorities found videos of the Dalai Lama and other "incriminating materials" in his house. His family learned of his trial and sentencing when they tried to visit him in detention.

North Korean refugees
Approximately 100,000 North Koreans were reportedly hiding in China. The authorities arrested and deported an estimated 150-300 each week without ever referring cases to UNHCR, the UN refugee agency. They also reportedly implemented a system of rewards for turning in North Koreans and heavy fines for supporting them. In September a new crackdown was reported on North Koreans residing illegally in China.

Abuse of North Korean women in China was widely reported, including cases of systematic rape and prostitution. North Korean women were reportedly sold as brides to Chinese men for between US$880 and US$1,890. Some women knew they were being sold into marriage but did not know how harsh conditions in China would be. Others were lured across the border by marriage brokers posing as merchants.

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
All 14 South Koreans charged with "unlawful assembly" after protesting outside World Trade Organization meetings in December 2005 were acquitted in early 2006, sparking renewed calls for an independent inquiry into the actions of the police during the protests.

The UN Human Rights Committee and the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reviewed the human rights situation in Hong Kong in March and August respectively. Both made several recommendations for reform.

In September, the Hong Kong Court of Appeal upheld a lower court ruling that laws providing a higher age of consent for sexual relations for gay men than for heterosexuals were discriminatory. The authorities announced that they would not appeal the case further.

Asylum-seekers continued to be refused entry without adequate consideration of their claims. Others were detained for over-staying their visas or other immigration offences. Despite lobbying from human rights and social welfare groups, the authorities confirmed that there were no plans to extend the UN Refugee Convention to Hong Kong. The authorities began to offer limited welfare assistance to asylum-seekers after UNHCR ceased its funding in May, but this was reportedly insufficient to meet basic needs.

AI country reports/visits
Reports
⢠People's Republic of China: Abolishing "Re-education through Labour" and other forms of administrative detention - An opportunity to bring the law into line with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (AI Index: ASA 17/016/2006)

⢠People's Republic of China: Sustaining conflict and human rights abuses - The flow of arms accelerates (AI Index: ASA 17/030/2006)

⢠People's Republic of China: The Olympics count-down - failing to keep human rights promises (AI Index: ASA 17/046/2006)

⢠Undermining freedom of expression in China: the role of Yahoo!, Microsoft and Google (AI Index: POL 30/026/2006)

Visits
AI representatives attended several human rights-related meetings in Beijing and Shenzhen.
CHINA
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Head of state: Hu Jintao
Head of government: Wen Jiabao
Death penalty: retentionist
International Criminal Court: not ratified

An increased number of lawyers and journalists were harassed, detained, and jailed. Thousands of people who pursued their faith outside officially sanctioned churches were subjected to harassment and many to detention and imprisonment. Thousands of people were sentenced to death or executed. Migrants from rural areas were deprived of basic rights. Severe repression of Uighurs in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region continued, and freedom of expression and religion continued to be severely restricted in Tibet and among Tibetans elsewhere.

International community
Before China's election to the new UN Human Rights Council, it made a number of human rights-related pledges, including ratification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and active co-operation with the UN on human rights.
http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Asia-Pacific/China

Answer
Next time you post something like this, with facts and figures, post a link so people can check it out to make sure its legit, based on current events, and not more china bashing.

When you do, then I'll check it out.

============================

Now you supplied a link, but the great cyber wall here in China won't let me get there.

China censors China hate sites plus pornography.

Keep this in mind, the Amnisties Internationals organizations depend on donations to survive. I've often wondered just how much they embellish the facts on that alone. It behooves one to look very closely at their board of directors, what they are getting paid, what percentage goes to public education, who they interview, are they seeking the other sides arguments without predisposition, --- in short, is it tabloid journalism, or is it really true. Plus, how current is it?

====================

Peace

Jim

.

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What are some important things that happened in 1942?

popular news burma image

animallove

Any important war related things,popular battles, national news story, and and sports?

Answer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942


Events of 1942
(Below, many events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.)
January
January 1 - WWII: The United States and Philippines troops fight the Battle of Bataan.
January 2 - WWII: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
January 7 - WWII: The siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.
January 10 - WWII: The last German air-raid on Liverpool destroys the home of William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitler's nephew. After his house is destroyed, William Hitler goes to the USA and joins the navy to fight against his uncle.
January 11 - WWII:
Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Netherlands East Indies.
WWII: The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.
January 16 - Actress Carole Lombard and her mother are among those killed in a plane crash near Las Vegas, Nevada, while returning from a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.
January 19 - WWII: Japanese forces invade Burma.
January 20 - WWII: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide that the "final solution to the Jewish problem" is relocation, and later extermination.
January 23 - WWII: The Battle of Rabaul begins.
January 25 - WWII: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.
January 26 - WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing in Northern Ireland.
January 31 - WWII: The last organized Allied forces leave Malaya, ending the 54-day campaign.
February
February 2 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an executive order directing the internment of Japanese Americans and the seizure of their property.
February 8
António Ãscar Carmona is elected president of Portugal.
WWII: Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war.
Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States.
February 9 - The SS Normandie Ocean Liner catches fire while being converted into the troopship USS Lafayette for World War II.
February 10 - In the early hours of the morning the SS Normandie capsizes at pier 88 in New York City.
February 11 - Operation Cerberus A flotilla of Kriegsmarine ships dash from Brest through the English Channel to northern ports; the British fail to sink any one of them.
February 15 - WWII: Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces.
February 19 - WWII:
Japanese warplanes attack Darwin, Australia.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066 allowing the United States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast.
February 20 - Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first World War II flying ace.
February 22 - WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as American defense of the nation collapses.
February 23 - The Japanese submarine I-17 fires 17 high-explosive shells toward an oil refinery near Santa Barbara, California, causing little damage.
February 24 - Propaganda: The Voice of America begins broadcasting.
February 25 - Princess Elizabeth registers for war service.
February 25 - Battle of Los Angeles: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers an immediate wartime blackout over most of Southern California, with thousands of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are 6 deaths. Despite the several hour barrage no planes are downed.
February 26
The worst coal dust explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims 1,549 lives.
The 14th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles.
February 27 - WWII - Battle of the Java Sea: An allied (ABDA) task force under Dutch command, trying to stem a Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies, is defeated by a Japanese task force in the Java Sea.
March
March - Construction begins on the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (the largest in the United States during WWII).
March 9 - WWII: Executive order 9082 (February 28, 1942) reorganizes the United States Army into three major commands: theArmy Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply, later redesignated Army Service Forces.
March 28 - WWII: British Commandos raid St. Nazaire on the coast of Western France.


The Japanese aircraft carrier, Hiryu under attack by US aircraft at the Battle of Midway.
April
April 3 - WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the United States and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula.
April 5 - WWII: the Japanese Navy attacks Colombo in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Royal Navy Cruisers HMS Cornwall and HMS Dorsetshire are sunk southwest of the island.
April 9
The Bataan Peninsula falls and the Bataan Death March began.
WWII: The Japanese Navy launches an air raid on Trincomalee in Ceylon (Sri Lanka); the Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS Vampire are sunk off the country's East Coast.
April 13 - The FCC's minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from 15 hours to 4 hours a week during the war.
April 15 - WWII: King George VI awards the George Cross to Malta, saying, "To honour her brave people I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion that will long be famous in history (from January 1 to July 24, there is only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island)."
April 18 - Tokyo, Japan is bombed by B-25 Mitchells commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle.
April 27 - WWII: A national plebiscite is held in Canada on the issue of conscription.
April 29 - WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in Tessenderlo, Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.
May
May - The first undersea oil pipeline is tested in Operation Pluto.
May 5 - WWII - Operation Ironclad: United Kingdom forces invade the French colony of Madagascar.
May 6 - WWII: On Corregidor, the last American and Filipino forces in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese.
May 8 - WWII: The Battle of the Coral Sea (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight without seeing each other's fleets) ends in an Allied victory.
May 8/May 9 - WWII: On the night of 8/9 May 1942, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebel. Their mutiny is crushed and 3 of them executed (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War).
May 12 - WWII - Second Battle of Kharkov: In the eastern Ukraine, the Soviet Army initiates a major offensive. During the battle the Soviets capture the city of Kharkov from the German Army, only to be encircled and destroyed.
May 14 - Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait is performed for the first time by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.
May 15 - WWII: In the United States, a bill creating the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is signed into law.
May 20 - The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy.
May 21 - WWII: Mexico declares war against Nazi Germany after the sinking of the Mexican tanker Faja de Oro by the German U-boat, U-160, off Key West.
May 26 - WWII - Battle of Bir Hakeim: The Free French and British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.
May 27 - WWII - Operation Anthropoid: Czech paratroopers attempt to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich in Prague.
May 31 - June 1 - WWII - Attack on Sydney Harbour: Japanese submarines infiltrate Sydney Harbour in an attempt to attack Allied warships.
June
June 1 - WWII: Mexico declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan.
June 4 - WWII: Reinhard Heydrich succumbs to wounds sustained on May 27 from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting in Operation Anthropoid.
June 4-June 7 - WWII - The Battle of Midway: The Japanese naval advance in the Pacific is halted.
June 7 - WWII: Japanese forces invade the Aleutian Islands (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).
June 8 - WWII: Attack on Sydney Harbour: The Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle are shelled by Japanese submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast is blacked out.
June 9 - WWII: Nazis burn the Czech village of Lidice in reprisal for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.
June 10 - WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of Lidice, Czechoslovakia in retaliation for the killing of a Nazi official.
June 12 - Holocaust: On her 13th birthday, Anne Frank makes the first entry in her new diary.
June 13 - The United States opens its Office of War Information, a propaganda center.
June 21 - Fort Stevens, Oregon is fired upon by a Japanese submarine.
June 29 - The German Eleventh Army under Erich von Manstein takes Sevastopol, although fighting rages until July 9.
July
July 1 - July 27 - WWII: the First Battle of El Alamein.
July 3 - Guadalcanal falls to the Japanese.
July 6 - Holocaust: Anne Frank's family goes into hiding in an attic above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.
July 13 - WWII: German U-Boats sink 3 more merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
July 16
Holocaust: By order of the Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers round-up 13,000-20,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.
Georges Bégué and others escape from the Mauzac prison camp.
July 18 - WWII: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me-262 (using only its jets) for the first time.
July 19 - WWII - Battle of the Atlantic: German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States Atlantic coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.
July 21 - The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area; a small Australian force begins a reargua

What is beauty defined as in other countries/times?

livIV

I need to pick three countries/times and show the differences of their thoughts of beauty. I was aiming for a country in the Middle East, something in Asia and maybe beauty in another part of the world or just three distinct times in American history.

Could you please give me some examples or links to this information?

Answer
You could do three examples of body modification

burmese long neck women(asia)
http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/burmas-longneck-women-struggle-to-break-out-of-thailands-humanzoo/2008/01/11/1199988589409.html

Mursi woman with famous lip disk(africa)
http://travel.webshots.com/photo/2793929690100033576DSLSEN

Mauritania's 'wife-fattening' (arab-perhaps middle east)
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3429903.stm

alternately you could do the USA and Europe
corseting in Victorian times
the boyish body popular in the 1920's -focus especially on flappers
and then the play-boy bunny/barbie ideal of 36-24-36 (36 inch bust circumference, 24 inch waist circumference, 36 inch hip circumference)(1960's-present)

maybe tie this into society's view of women, and women's view of themselves in these times and places to make it a stellar paper.

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